Introduction
_001.jpg) As a complete way of life, Islam has provided guidelines
and rules for every sphere of life and society. Naturally, a functioning
economic system is vital for a healthy society, as the consumption of goods and
services, and the facilitation of this by a common medium of exchange, play a
major role in allowing people to realize their material and other goals in
life.
Islam has set some standards, based on justice and
practicality, for such economic systems to be established. These standards aim
to prevent the enmity that often occurs between different socioeconomic sections.
Of course, it is true that the gathering of money concerns almost every human
being who participates in transactions with others. Yet, while these standards
recognize money as being among the most important elements in society, they do
not lose sight of the fact that its position is secondary to the real purpose
of human existence, which is the worship of God.
An Islamic economic system is not necessarily concerned
with the precise amount of financial income and expenditure, imports and
exports, and other economic statistics. While such matters are no doubt
important, Islam is more concerned with the spirit of the economic system.
A society that implements Islamic laws and promotes
Islamic manners will find that it bring together all the systems – social,
economic, and so forth – that it deals with. Islam teaches that God has
created provision for every person who He has brought to life. Therefore, the
competition for natural resources that is presumed to exist among the nations
of the world is an illusion. While the earth has sufficient bounty to satisfy
the needs of mankind, the challenge for humans lies in discovering, extracting,
processing, and distributing these resources to those who need them.
Islam consists of a set of beliefs which organizes the
relationship between the individual and his Creator; between the person and
other human beings; between the person and universe; and even the relationship
of the person to himself. In that sense, Islam regulates human behavior, and
one type of human behavior is economic behavior. Economic behavior is dealt by
Muslims as a means of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and
services. In Islam, human behavior -whether in the economic area or others - is
not value free; nor is it value neutral. It is connected with the ideological
foundation of the faith.
The Sources of Islamic Economics
The fundamental sources of Islam - the Quran and the
Sunnah of the Prophet - provide
guidelines for economic behavior and a blueprint of how the economic system of
a society should be organized. Therefore, the values and objectives of all “Islamic”
economic systems must necessarily conform to, and comply with, the principles
derived from these fundamental sources. The purpose of these articles is to
outline the most salient characteristics of an economic system based on the
fundamental sources of Islam. The focus here is on the principal features of
the Islamic system.
The Islamic economic system is defined by a network of rules
called the Shariah. The rules which are contained in the Shariah are both constitutive
and regulative, meaning that they either lay the rules for the creation of
economic entities and systems, as well the rules which regulate existing one. As
an integral part of the revelation, the Shariah is the guide for human action
which encompasses every aspect of life – spiritual, individual, social,
political, cultural, and economic. It provides a scale by which all actions,
whether on the part of the individual agents, society, and the state, are
classified in regards to their legality. Thus there are five types of actions recognized,
namely: obligatory; recommended; permissible; discouraged; and forbidden. This
classification is also inclusive of economic behavior.
The basic source of the Shariah in Islam is the Quran
and the Sunnah, which include all the necessary rules of the Shariah as guidance
for mankind. The Sunnah further explains these rules by the practical
application of Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him.
The expansion of the regulative rules of the Shariah and their extensions to
new situations in later times was accomplished with the aid of consensus of the
scholars, analogical reasoning - which derived rules by discerning an analogy
between new problems and those existing in the primary sources - and finally,
through textual reasoning of scholars specialized in the Shariah. These five
sources - the Quran, the Sunnah, consensus of the scholars, analogical reasoning,
and textual reasoning - constitute the components of the Shariah, and these
components are also used as a basis for governing economic affairs.
Justice
In summary, we can say that the Islamic Economic system
is based upon the notion of justice It is through justice that the existence of
the rules governing the economic behavior of the individual and economic
institutions in Islam can be understood. Justice in Islam is a multifaceted
concept, and there several words exist to define it. The most common word in
usage which refers to the overall concept of justice is the Arabic word “adl”.
This word and its many synonyms imply the concepts of “right”, as equivalent to
fairness, “putting things in their proper place”, “equality”, “equalizing”, “balance”,
“temperance” and “moderation.” In practice, justice is defined as acting in
accordance with the Shariah, which, in turn, contains both substantive and
procedural justice covering
economic issues. Substantive justice consists of those elements of justice
contained in the substance of the Shariah, while procedural justice consists of
rules of procedure assuring the attainment of justice contained in the
substance of the Law. The notion of economic justice, and its attendant
concept of distributive justice, is
particularly important as an identifying characteristic of the Islamic economic
system. The rules governing permissible and forbidden economic behavior on the
part of consumers, producers and government, as well as questions of property
rights, and of the production and distribution of wealth, are all based on the
Islamic view of justice.
The following topics will be discussed in the following articles:
(a) individual obligations, rights, and
self-interest;
(b) property rights;
(c) importance of contracts;
(d) work and wealth;
(e) the concept of barakah;
(f) economic justice;
(g) prohibition of interest (riba);
(h) competition and cooperation; and
(i) the role of the state.
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