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From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the
Muslim world has given us many innovations that we in the West take for granted.
Here are 20 of their most influential innovations:
(1) The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was
tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his
animals became livelier after eating a certain berry.
He boiled the berries to
make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans
exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where some Muslims drank it to stay awake all
night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in
Makkah and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645.
It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London. The Arabic “qahwa” became the Turkish “kahve” then the
Italian “caffé” and then English “coffee”.
(2) The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted
rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that
light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim
mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham.
He invented the first
pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window
shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set
up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word “qamara” for a dark or private
room).
He is also credited with
being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an
experimental one.
(3) A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread
westward to Europe — where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century — and eastward as far as Japan. The word “rook” comes from the Persian “rukh”,
which means chariot.
(4) A thousand years before the Wright brothers, a
Muslim poet, astronomer, and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several
attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the
Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts.
He hoped to glide like a
bird. He didn’t. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to
be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries.
In 875, aged 70, having
perfected a machine of silk and eagles’ feathers he tried again, jumping from a
mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but
crashed on landing — concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not
given his device a tail so it would stall on landing. Baghdad international
airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.
(5) Washing and bathing are religious requirements
for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we
still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans
who used it more as pomade.
But it was the Arabs who
combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil.
One of the Crusaders’ most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that
they did not wash.
Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed’s Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was
appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.
(6) Distillation, the means of separating liquids
through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800
by Islam’s foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into
chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use
today — liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation,
evaporation and filtration.
As well as discovering
sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world
intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking
them forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation
and was the founder of modern chemistry.
(7) The crank-shaft is a device which translates
rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern
world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important
mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an
ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation.
His Book of Knowledge of
Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206) shows he also invented or refined the use
of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by
water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other
inventions was the combination lock.
(8) Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two
layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not
clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported
there from India or China.
However, it certainly came
to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore
straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of
protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders’
metal armour and was an effective form of insulation — so much so that it
became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.
(9) The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe’s Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was
much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus
allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings.
Other borrowings from
Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building
techniques. Europe’s castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world’s —
with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and
keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. The architect of Henry V’s
castle was a Muslim.
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